Driscoll (2005, p. 9) defines a learning
theory as a set of constructs that links changes of performance with what
causes the change in performance. She lists three components that must be
present in a learning theory. First, the theory must identify the results that
the theory is meant to elicit. Second, the theory requires identification of
the means or the process by which results will occur. Finally, it must identify
the inputs or the triggers that cause the changes in performance. If it is to
be considered valid, a theory must answer the questions posed by these three
factors. (Driscoll, 2005) .
Driscoll (2005) and Siemens (2008)
both summarize the three traditional learning theories, behaviorism, cognitivism,
and constructivism, and Siemens (2008) explains a fourth theory, connectivism.
Each learning theory considers the components in the first paragraph in a
different manner. The behaviorist focuses on the external behaviors because the
inner activities of the learner are unobservable. This theorist expects observable,
identifiable results (Driscoll, 2005, p. 68) , plans for
task-based activities, and provides stimuli such as reward and punishment as
input (Siemens, 2008, p. 11) .The cognitivist, who
recognizes that children learn differently at various stages of life (Driscoll, 2005, p. 189) focuses on providing
lessons with clear objectives that utilize reasoning and logic, inputs from previous
experience (Siemens, 2008, p. 11) , and results in physical,
logical, and social knowledge (Driscoll, 2005, p. 221) . The constructivist
assumes that learners construct their knowledge as they attempt to make sense
of their world (Driscoll, 2005, p. 387) . He or she will provide
lessons that rely on social interaction. The inputs are minimally structured problems
with results that support reasoning, critical thinking and mindful reflection (Driscoll,
2005, p. 409) .
The connectivist views learning as occurring as result of networks and
connections; learning is distributed among nodes on a network. Lessons provide
opportunity for students to connect to a network and receive input from other
nodes on the network, whether local classmates or stimuli from across the globe.
The results are fuller than what they can obtain by themselves (Siemens, 2008, pp. 10,11) .
References
Driscoll, M. P. (2005). Psychology of learning for
instruction. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc.
Siemens, G. (2008). Learning and Knowing in Networks:
Changing roles for Educators and Designers. Presented to the IT Forum. Retrieved
March 5, 2012, from http://it.coe.uga.edu/itforum/Paper105/Siemens.pdf
You made some very interesting points in regards to the learning theories. Indeed the behaviorist theory relies on what is observed and students learn based on what they observe or see. Which theory do you believe relates mostly to educating students today or do you believe that all of them relate to educating students today?
ReplyDeleteI personally believe that they all have valid uses. I am interested in looking a little more at the connectivist theory because it is the newest and because of its application to technology.
ReplyDeleteLyle, great summary of the learning theories. While, I agree with you that connectivist theory has more applications in the field of technology and education, I do think that all of the learning theories play a particular role in educating students... especially since there is such a broad spectrum in ways students learn best.
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ReplyDeleteGreat job, Lyle. I believe that behaviorism and connectivism are the most important approaches for early childhood learners and special needs students. Cognitivism is an approach that should be taught to high school learners and implemented by college learners.
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